The perceived authenticity, measured for the first time in nonverbal cross-cultural research, in the same vocalizations, retrieved no difference between cultures in accuracy, but still a slower response from the out-group. Nevertheless, both cultures recognized all emotions above-chance level. Specifically, accuracy differences were particularly found for pleasure, amusement, and anger, rather than for sadness, relief or fear. Overall, Guinea–Bissauans (as out-group) responded significantly less accurately (corrected p < .05), slower, and showed a trend for higher concomitant skin conductance, compared to Portuguese (as in-group)-findings which may indicate a higher cognitive effort stemming from higher difficulty in discerning emotions from another culture. We set out to investigate whether native residents from Guinea-Bissau (West African culture) and Portugal (Western European culture)-matched for socio-economic-educational status, sex and language-varied in behavioural and autonomic system response during emotion recognition of nonverbal vocalizations from Portuguese individuals. Nevertheless, in such studies, differences in socio-economic-educational status have not always been accounted for, with idiomatic translation of emotional concepts being a limitation, and the underlying psychophysiological mechanisms still un-researched. Cross-cultural studies of emotion recognition in nonverbal vocalizations not only support the universality hypothesis for its innate features, but also an in-group advantage for culture-dependent features.
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